⁣When Washburn, North Dakota’s town commissioners decided in January to take up the issue of whether or not to continue fluoridating the water supply for the town’s 1,300 residents, they anticipated researching the risks versus benefits and putting the matter to a vote.

What they didn’t anticipate — but soon encountered — was evidence of a coordinated effort by state actors and a national fluoride lobby group, using federal money, to crush local efforts by small towns like Washburn to stop fluoridating their water supplies.

On Monday night, town commissioners voted 4-1 to stop adding fluoride to Washburn’s water supply — making Washburn the latest in a growing list of communities across the country to end the practice in light of mounting scientific evidence that the chemical harms children’s health and provides little or no dental benefit.

At the meeting, Commissioner Keith Hapip shared what he said was evidence of astroturfing by Dr. Johnny Johnson, president of the American Fluoridation Society; Jim Kershaw, Bismarck, North Dakota’s water plant superintendent and others.

“Astroturfing is when a group with money and power pretends to be regular folks supporting something, but it’s really a planned push from the top,” Hapip said. “Real grassroots come from the community naturally. And here, the oral health program used CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] cash to manufacture support for fluoridation in Washburn.”

Johnson phoned into the meeting to advocate for water fluoridation. In response, the commission also hosted a presentation by Michael Connett — the attorney who represented the plaintiffs who won a landmark ruling in a lawsuit against the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the agency’s failure to appropriately regulate fluoride use in water supplies.

Dr. Griffin Cole, conference chairman of the International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, who has expertise on fluoride’s toxic effects, also made a presentation.

Interviews by The Defender with grassroots actors across the country revealed that for years, Johnson, one of the country’s foremost advocates of water fluoridation, has been intervening in grassroots efforts to end fluoridation in their communities.

He and colleagues — in this case, Kershaw — travel physically or virtually to meetings in towns across the country.

Johnson himself, along with the American Dental Association (ADA), openly celebrates this work lobbying local governments. The ADA frequently reports on Johnson’s appearances and his “success” blocking community efforts to end fluoridation on its website.

As recently as last week, Johnson reportedly bussed in dentists to a meeting in Seminole County, Florida.

. .

At least one other town in North Dakota, McVille, voted to remove fluoride from its water in 2023. However, after Johnson, Kershaw, OPH employees Bopp and Kiefer, and dentists from the ADA pressured the town of 417 inhabitants — Johnson flew in for their meeting — the town reversed the decision.

Source: https://childrenshealthdefense.....org/defender/north-

⁣Show Your Pride with Supermario Gay Pride Shirt - A Perfect Way to Celebrate Diversity #mario #supermario

GET IT HERE: 💓🩸😎 https://www.0stees.com/product....s/supermario-gay-pri 💓🩸😎

As the world becomes more inclusive and accepting of diversity, there
is no better way to show your support than by wearing a Supermario Gay
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The Supermario Gay Pride Shirt is available in a range of sizes and
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the shirt are eye-catching and will make you stand out from the crowd.
It's a great conversation starter and a way to make new friends who
share your values.

This shirt is not just a fashion statement but a symbol of love,
acceptance, and diversity. By wearing it, you're showing your support
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#Supermario
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#SocialJustice

⁣NEW: The Kentucky sheriff who shot a local judge in his chambers, had exchanged cell phones just moments before taking the judge's life.

According to the Mountain Eagle, District Judge Kevin Mullins and Sheriff Mickey Stines exchanged phones.

When Stines was apparently unhappy with what he found, he opened fire on the judge.

Stines was previously Mullins' bailiff before he became sheriff in 2018.

The two had lunch together just hours before the incident.

Sheriff Stines later went to the courthouse to speak with Mullins. They then went to the judge's office, where they continued their conversation.

A short conversation took place before the sheriff got up and locked the door. Both men then took out their cell phones and handed them to each other.

Stines then got up and pulled out his gun, walked around the desk and repeatedly shot Mullins who passed.

It's unclear what the argument was about but an unconfirmed report claims the sheriff found out the judge had r*ped his daughter.

Source: https://x.com/CollinRugg/statu....s/183731328963181366

⁣Mammoth Nation - Joe Biden said the quiet part out loud: they want to lock Trump up and throw away the key.

Source: https://x.com/MammothNationUS/....status/1852438208803

Thumbnail: https://imgflip.com/i/9nw9a6 [thanks to https://www.nytimes.com/2023/0....6/13/opinion/trump-i 🖲]

⁣Documentary about the origins of World War II.

⁣VfB called this on day one 🎭 this was a performance of Serpent and the Rainbow

"SERPENT AND THE RAINBOW" 🎭 IT'S VOODOO, MON AMOUR (13 DOH 2014) - THE SHRED SHACK

https://www.bitchute.com/video/Qgv6SlCmfWb4/

THE GEORGE FLOYD REVIEW DOCUMENTARY IS 100% VIEWER FUNDED - ADD YOUR CONTRIBUTION https://www.givesendgo.com/MaryamHenein

On May 25, 2020, the MSM (aka the mainstream media) reported to the masses that a black man in Minneapolis by the name of George Perry Floyd, 46, was killed during an arrest after a store clerk called 911, alleging he had passed a counterfeit $20 bill. This day changed the world, forever. We went from virus to violence in days and found ourselves in an arguably manufactured race war.

The George Floyd story we've been fed is a monumental false narrative that I'm committed to exposing. It was a partly fabricated event, premeditated to help take us from virus to violence and, ultimately, to divide and destroy America. I will show you how.

I'm Maryam Henein, a veteran investigative journalist, director of the award-winning documentary "Vanishing of the Bees" narrated by Elliot Page, researcher for "Stop World Control" and "Plandemic 2" documentaries, and founder and editor-in-chief of HoneyColony. For speaking the truth, I have been banned, unpersoned and censored. It started back as early as 2017. I've been banned from PayPal (corrupt), GoFundMe (corrupt), Square (corrupt), Chase Bank/JP Morgan/Vanguard/Rothschild (corrupt), Facebook (corrupt), Twitter (corrupt), AirBnB . . . and on my second YoutTube channel. The FDA, FTC, and DOJ, and GOOGLE have also persecuted my beautiful company HoneyColony, where I sell vitamins and truth. We the people can birth the TRUTH. Please join me in the fight for liberty!
psyop-definition

I've been tracking and researching the George Floyd story from Day 1, unearthing buried information by scouring hundreds of articles, pulling court documents, covering the trial, conducting original interviews, and connecting the dots. Everything I've been doing so far has been self-funded. I recently escaped California and moved across the country to Florida, where I'm devoting even more time to deep-dives, daily research, and hard work to uncover the truth -- But this is where I need your help to finish my documentary and new book that will reveal the large-scale deception and lies. If you might be able to, please donate so I can continue this important work. All donations go 100% to completing this project and exposing the psyop behind George Floyd's death.

Thank you for believing in and supporting the truth! - Maryam

MARYYAMHENEIN.COM

Source: https://rumble.com/v1pnnmy-the....-real-timeline-georg

⁣Concerned Citizen - International Space Station experiences a ‘Fly’ during live stream - this is real line unmanipulated NASA footage….. So serious question - how does a Fly Survive in space orbiting the Earth like this?

Source: https://x.com/BGatesIsaPyscho/....status/1837950268538

⁣https://old.bitchute.com/video/5Rs8VN4zyomZ/

⁣Terrorist trump vows to protect perv lgbt obsessed cultists from muslim child rapists with our money



⁣https://odysee.com/@Publish:6/gym-scam:a
https://odysee.com/@Publish:6/invader-gym-scam:0

https://altcast.tv/watch/crimi....nal-muslims-profitee
Criminal muslims profiteer off children stolen from parents as paid sex slaves internationally!

https://altcast.tv/watch/child....-abductor-funder-don
Child abductor funder donald trump says he fights for pervs who abuse our stolen children!

https://altcast.tv/watch/taxpa....yer-funded-terrorist
Taxpayer Funded Terrorist donald trump Needs You To Love israel More! | Publishing Billboards

https://altcast.tv/watch/taxpa....yer-funded-terrorist
Taxpayer funded terrorist trumps tell you to love israel more! | US Navy Military Veterans

https://altcast.tv/watch/taxpa....yer-funded-terrorist
Taxpayer funded terrorist trump calls for our murder if we report on jew criminals!

https://altcast.tv/watch/taxpa....yer-funded-terrorist
Taxpayer funded terrorist donald trump converts to jew in israel while we die without shelter!

https://altcast.tv/watch/islam....-invaders-us-taxpaye
Islam Invaders | US Taxpayer Funded Child Rapist Killer muslims Chanting Death To America!

https://altcast.tv/watch/invad....er-child-rapist-musl
Invader child rapist muslims dance to YMCA | Publishing House islam Series

https://altcast.tv/watch/racis....t-holly-hill-florida
Racist Holly Hill Florida YMCA Only Allows Child Abusing Black niggers To Treaspass

https://altcast.tv/watch/cowar....d-african-black-male
Coward african black male nigger murders peace corps church senior at YMCA with knife after school!

https://altcast.tv/watch/avera....ge-muslim-invader-ca
Average muslim invader caught raping girls stolen from their biologically interested father again!

https://altcast.tv/watch/leo-m....ax-frank-celebrated-
LEO MAX FRANK CELEBRATED AT JEWISH AMERICAN HERITAGE MONTH CELEBRATION 🥔🎭☢🔥 TATERTOT SELF-NUKES



⁣The English Defence League (EDL) was a far-right, Islamophobic
organisation active in England from 2009 until the mid-late 2010s. Another response was the formation of the Muslim Defence League in 2010, the stated purpose of which was to oppose Islamophobia and counter misinformation about Islam. In various instances, it supported UAF counter-protests.[377] In 2013, six Islamists pleaded guilty to plotting a bomb and gun attack on an EDL march in Dewsbury. -- Man Stabbed and Beaten with Hammers by Muslim Defence League thugs .. These are the people that Keir Starmer and the Labour are saying need protecting . Man Stabbed and Beaten with Hammers by Muslim Defence League Content found at
https://old.bitchute.com/video/TiNrHEJts6K5/

⁣End Wokeness - Trump: "Anyone caught trafficking minors will get the death penalty immediately"

Source: https://x.com/EndWokeness/stat....us/18716022362180774

Thumbnail: https://apnews.com/article/don....ald-trump-human-traf

AltCastTV & Odysee thumbnail: https://www.washingtonpost.com..../news/the-fix/wp/201

⁣#toiletpaper ☠☠☠

Source: https://x.com/Humanbydesign3/s....tatus/18980567158635

Thumbnail: https://www.mamavation.com/bra....nds/toilet-paper.htm

What are you wiping your bottom with? When it comes to toilet paper brands, most people focus on quality & comfort. If you are into green & non-toxic living, you’d likely select a recycled brand to be more sustainable. But did you know that your toilet paper could be treated with harsh chemicals regardless if it’s “sustainable” or not? You’ve trusted Mamavation to cover topics like the safest teas, safest disposable plates, and safest cookware, Now join us as we delve into the places others dare not go–toilet paper.

Disclosure: This post contains affiliate links and was fact-checked by Rebecca Elizabeth Sherrick Harks, Registered Nurse.

⁣This may or may NOT be the fellow used for the thumbnail:

Not a tesla surprisingly

But this idiot caught himself on fire 💀

X Miss - @akafaceUS

Source: https://x.com/Truthfoolgal/sta....tus/1902085145655431

Thumbnail: https://imgflip.com/i/9nweid [thanks to https://x.com/Truthfoolgal/sta....tus/1902085145655431 🐦]

AltCastTV & Odysee thumbnail: http://makeagif.com/gif/nothin....g-to-lose-fire-foot-

BREAKING: A leftwinger accidentally set himself on fire while throwing a Molotav at a Tesla charging station in South Carolina.

Disco Inferno montage courtesy of: https://www.youtube.com/shorts/bbD8rI8VsOk

Special thanks to KAPWING

⁣All re-legions, and time, was created by the Vatican Jesuits Khazarian Mafia babble-on -ians, King Nimrod, Gilgamesh...to divide us so we fight each other, enslave us as sex and labor slaves, and eat the rest

Show #2377 Show Notes:

Looking for Someone Else: https://coachdavelive.tv/w/qkwv4A4RNAsYWBAZjZZuWQ
Isaiah 56: https://www.biblegateway.com/p....assage/?search=isaia 56&version=KJV
Science Vs the Bible: https://www.theblaze.com/abide..../science-changes-but
Screw Big Government: https://screwbiggov.com/
The Vax Did This: https://x.com/Whatfinger1/stat....us/19061380687944460
The Pyramids were Cell Towers? https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1156163792972043&set=a.788070273114732&type=3&mibextid=wwXIfr&rdid=UdqG4HDS5e6lHJPR&share_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fshare%2F1AZ19UfTxZ%2F%3Fmibextid%3DwwXIfr# more pyramids: https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=596487846741504&id=100091408824140&mibextid=wwXIfr&rdid=TaJPSnNsYWCCUWBL# 100 verse on God speaking to us: https://kingdomway.ca/100-bibl....e-verses-on-god-spea
New Age believe in frequencies: https://www.facebook.com/profi....le.php?id=1000925302

Dave Daubenmire, a veteran 35 year high school football coach, was spurred to action when attacked and eventually sued by the ACLU in the late 1990’s for mixing prayer with his coaching. As a result of the experience, Coach heard the call to move out of coaching a high school team, to the job of coaching God’s team. PASS THE SALT was formed to encourage the Body of Christ to step into the cultural war. “For we wrestle not against flesh and blood…” PASS THE SALT is convinced that God has given the Body a window of opportunity to take our culture back.

Video Membership Site - https://CoachDaveLIVE.TV

Register for Events - https://coachdavelive.com/event

Support Coach's Ministry - https://coachdavelive.com/donate

Buy a Cross Hat or Shirt - https://coachdavelive.com/shop

Source: https://coachdavelive.tv/w/3fkRddcSKnrZHJUsvm7YDo

United States Unseals Charges for Theft of Texas Republican Party Data
Canadian national Aubrey Cottle, 37, of Oshawa, Ontario, is charged in the Western District of Texas in connection with the theft of data relating to the Texas Republican Party in 2021. Cottle was arrested…

https://www.justice.gov/usao-w....dtx/pr/united-states

⁣UPDATE: It wasn’t a hit….it wasn’t 😒
❌BREAKING: Tech boss Agustín Escobar, the president of the Spanish branch of the technology company Siemens, and his wife and three children were killed in the helicopter crash in NYC, the New York Times reports
https://x.com/matttttt187/stat....us/19104932761482981

Authorities are investigating a helicopter crash in the Hudson River, according to the New York Police Department.

"Due to a helicopter crash in the Hudson River, in the vicinity of the West Side Highway and Spring Street, expect emergency vehicles and traffic delays in the surrounding areas," shared the police department on "X".

The crash occurred around 3:15 p.m. near Jersey City. The Hudson River splits New York City and New Jersey.

Subscribe to LiveNOW from FOX! https://www.youtube.com/liveno....wfox?sub_confirmatio
Where to watch LiveNOW from FOX: https://www.livenowfox.com/
Follow us @LiveNOWFOX on Twitter: https://twitter.com/livenowfox

Raw and unfiltered. Watch a non-stop stream of breaking news, live events and stories across the nation. Limited commentary. No opinion. Experience LiveNOW from FOX.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npBCd_iT6So

https://apnews.com/article/new....-york-helicopter-cra

⁣#ohio mayor tells ENTIRE school board to resign or 'face child pornography charges'

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3veRKzCavY

https://www.wkbn.com/news/loca....l-news/boardman-news

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news..../us/ohio-lawmakers-p

https://kansaspolicy.org/curri....culum-transparency-p

https://www.newsweek.com/under....-threat-woke-curricu

Source: ⁣https://gab.com/KeepNHGranite/....posts/11003507223102


Thumbnail: ⁣https://i.imgur.com/kPYu92l.jpg



⁣In October 2022, a White American was murdered by an illegal alien when that illegal alien, unprovoked, split the White man's skull in half with an axe.


It was caught on home surveillance, and the sight and sound are utterly sickening (the video will be added as a comment below this post, behind a content warning).
Yet virtually no one has heard about it.

Because there was no national media coverage of the shocking murder. Literally none.

On October 17th, 22-year-old Jimi Patterson was at a friend's apartment in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where 26-year-old Israel Trejo - an illegal alien from Mexico - came to purchase an axe that someone living at the apartment was selling. Patterson and Trejo did not know each other.

As Israel Trejo stood in the living room handling the axe, Jimi Patterson sat casually on the couch. No words were exchanged, and there was no conflict or commotion before the moment Trejo hauled the axe back with both hands and swung it straight down through the skull of Patterson.

Lt. Brandon Watkins of the Tulsa Police Department had this to say:
“There’s no lessons here. There’s nothing to this."

Go ahead and read that again:

“There’s no lessons here. There’s nothing to this."

Now - you guessed it - we are going to "imagine if the races were reversed."

Because if they were, we'd have the Mexican George Floyd and the incident would be used to justify the continued open flow of non-White migration across the southern border of the United States for the explicit purpose of displacing the inherently evil White population of this country.

If a calm, quiet, unassuming Mexican national, illegally in the US, was sitting on a couch in Tulsa, OK, and a White American man, absolutely out of nowhere, plunged an axe through that Mexican's skull, killing him - and it was all caught on video...

~ Would there be a national media blackout or would the media's spotlight shine brighter than it has since Saint George of Minneapolis overdosed in proximity to a White guy?

~ Would there be total Uniparty silence, or would every grandstanding whore on either side of the aisle rush to press conferences, TV appearances, and social media accounts to "condemn the unconscionable and unprovoked execution of an innocent man who was just trying to make a better life for himself and his family!"?

~ Would there be total inaction from the FBI and White House or would their bosses at the ADL have immediately dispatched them to cook up "hate crime" charges and recite headline fodder about this indisputable proof that "wHiTe SuPrEmAcY iS tHe GrEaTeSt tHrEaT tO tHe HoMeLaNd!"?

~ Would the police reflexively conclude that "there's no lesson here" or would the world never stop learning the lesson that "White People Bad!"?

As is so often the case, the system silence from the Anti-White Industrial Complex is proof positive of their complicity.

Some White American kid gets his skull split like firewood by a non-White illegal?

LOL, shhh.

A non-White illegal gets his skull split like firewood called a name by some White America kid?
FEDERAL HATE CRIME CHARGES.

My objective here isn't to point out some double-standard - it's to point out the only standard:

The Anti-White standard.

Because just as frightening as the unrelenting stream of Anti-White migration and violence is the continued insistence of so many White Americans that "it's not about race!"

Of course it's about race.

The entire reason you haven't heard about this is because the victim is an innocent White kid and the murderer is an illegal alien from Mexico.

And our Anti-White ruling class wants more illegal aliens and more dead White people.

⁣Source: https://twitter.com/iluminatib....ot/status/1761247792
Thumbnail: https://www.soulask.com/admira....l-richard-e-byrd-the
illuminatibot - Admiral Byrd gives the secrets of Antarctica
Admiral Richard E Byrd. The man who found the entrance to hollow earth? With the recent reports of pyramids being found in Antarctica, I went back and looked at the history of the region and the mysteries linked to the frozen land. I was reminded of a name.
It’s a name that many in the UFO and paranormal community are familiar with is admiral R E Byrd But who was Richard e Byrd, why is he so famous and what mysteries did he uncover? Byrd came from a rural community in Virginia born in 1888 his early life was pretty normal this changed when joined the Navy in 1912 at the age 20. In the service, he found that he had a love for flying and trained to become a pilot during WW1. He grew as a pilot and eventually became an instructor for the Navy.
The man went on to fly in both world wars gaining fame. The freemason made many powerful friends these including John D Rockefeller, who would later in life fund Byrd’s expeditions. These friendships have many whispering that Byrd was a member of the Illuminati and the New World Order!
The secretive group helping Byrd with the two missions he made to the Antarctic and making sure he was involved in a further six expedition’s four of which were jointly funded by private groups and the United States government.
eleement posted:
These PDFs are not made to offend or humiliate someone, but to introduce the truth and understanding for them to be saved although it is sometimes painful and difficult. You are free to print, share, forward. God bless you.
Identity of the beasts from Revelation is revealed (covid19, QR code, US presidents, abortus etc)
https://www.dropbox.com/s/khtu....jzql62cuw5h/IDentity
The earthquake M7.8 in Turkey was announced and happened
https://www.dropbox.com/s/mh8i....x0pdm3ozgw4/Potres%2
https://i.imgur.com/FfKqmEW.png
https://odysee.com/@CarterHeav....yIndustries:6/Antarc

⁣Juliette Bryant

"I posted this video for protection as I was recently followed in my car and have been feeling at threat"

My main #twitter account was soon deleted

Source: https://rumble.com/v38k848-eps....tein-juliette-bryant

https://www.thedailybeast.com/....epstein-shared-hotel

Twitter allowed child porn before Musk , so this is not much of a change

https://nationalfile.com/repor....t-child-porn-is-bein

⁣https://altcast.tv/watch/thund....erheart-more-hollywo

But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do
good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use
you, and persecute you;

◄ Matthew 5:44 ►

⁣https://altcast.tv/watch/crimi....nal-jews-justify-rap

Taxpayer funded terrorist trump says he needs to get us to love child rapist killer jews more!

https://altcast.tv/watch/thund....erheart-more-hollywo

But
I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good
to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and
persecute you;
◄ Matthew 5:44 ►

Child rapist and mom's new sex buddy thinks it's funny and laughs https://files.catbox.moe/pqec3k.mp4

https://altcast.tv/watch/paren....ts-fear-rape-and-kil


https://altcast.tv/watch/racis....t-taxpayer-funded-te


https://odysee.com/police-rape-child
https://odysee.com/abductor-money
https://odysee.com/@publish:6/burning

https://altcast.tv/watch/taxpa....yer-funded-terrorist




https://altcast.tv/watch/us-ta....xpayer-funded-terror

https://altcast.tv/watch/terro....rist-trump-039-s-jew

⁣Jack Straw - TREASON - ‼Hidden footage shows how the IRS was not able to prove in court that there is a law requiring you to pay income tax… 🤯😱😃 LauraAbolichannel

Source: https://x.com/JackStr42679640/....status/1850855784944

Thumbnail: http://runt-of-the-web.com/tax-memes

"If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honour, or shall without the consent of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office, or emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince, or foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under them, or either of them."

https://tona13.blogspot.com/20....11/01/back-in-1933-a

https://tona13.blogspot.com/20....11/02/theft-by-decep

The SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT WAS NEVER RATIFIED; THE ORIGINAL THIRTEENTH WAS ✅

⁣In what may be a major archaeological breakthrough, an independent researcher has suggested that the earliest writing in human history has been hiding in plain sight in prehistoric cave paintings in Europe, a discovery that would push the timeline of written language back by tens of thousands of years, reports a new study.

Hundreds of European caves are decorated with mesmerizing paintings of animals and other figures that were made by our species between roughly 15,000 and 40,000 years ago, during the Palaeolithic Age when humans were still hunter-gatherers. These cave paintings often include non-figurative markings, such as dots and lines, that have evaded explanation for decades.


⁣Ben Bacon, a furniture conservator based in London, U.K. who has described himself as “effectively a person off the street,” happened to notice these markings while admiring images of European cave art, and developed a hunch that they could be decipherable. Now, Bacon has unveiled what he believes is “the first known writing in the history of Homo sapiens,” in the form of a prehistoric lunar calendar, according to a study published on Thursday in the Cambridge Archeological Journal.


“I think that the cave paintings fascinate us all because of their beauty and visceral immediacy,” Bacon told Motherboard in an email. “I was idly looking at Palaeolithic paintings one night on the Web and noticed, purely by chance, that a large number of animals had what I took to be numbers associated with them.”


Intrigued by the markings, Bacon launched a meticulous effort to decode them, with a particular focus on lines, dots, and a Y-shaped symbol that show up in hundreds of cave paintings.


Previous researchers have suggested that these symbols could be some form of numerical notation, perhaps designed to count the number of animals sighted or killed by these prehistoric artists. Bacon made the leap to suggest that they form a calendar system designed to track the life cycles of animals depicted in the paintings. He enlisted leading archaeologists from Durham University and the University College London to develop the idea and co-author the new study.


“That we are looking for number-based information about specific prey animals is therefore our point of departure,” the researchers explained in the study. “It seems to us unnecessary to need to convey information about the numbers of individual animals, the times they have been sighted, or the number of successful kills.”


“It seems far more likely that information pertinent to predicting their migratory movements and periods of aggregation, i.e. mating and birthing when they are predictably located in some number and relatively vulnerable, would be of greatest importance for survival,” they added.
The researchers note that the paintings are never accompanied by more than 13 of these lines and dots, which could mean that they denote lunar months. The lunar calendar they envision would not track time across years, but would be informally rebooted each year during a time in late winter or early spring known as the “bonne saison.” The “Y” symbol, which is commonly drawn directly on or near animal depictions, could represent birthing because it seems to show two parted legs.


“We adopt the simple solution that they started counting months at the start of the bonne saison and continued until counting became irrelevant in late winter—simply re-starting the count of months at the start of the next bonne saison,” the team said in the study. “A great advantage of this calendar is that it is stable in describing the life-cycles of animals and plants despite great geographical and cultural differences in the European Upper Palaeolithic.”
To test out this hypothesis, the team compiled a database of more than 600 line and dot sequences without the Y symbol, as well as some 250 sequences with the Y, which appear mostly in paintings from France and Spain. These sequences span tens of thousands of years, and accompany many different animal depictions, such as aurochs, birds, bison, caprids (such as goats and antelopes), deer, fish, horses, mammoths, and extinct rhinos that once lived in Europe.


After conducting a statistical analysis of the database, Bacon and his colleagues were amazed to find that their lunar calendar seems to hold up well with the patterns.


“Overall, there is a remarkable degree of correlation between the numbers of lines/dots in sequences with and without and the position of and the mating and birthing behaviors of our analytical taxa,” the researchers said in the study. “Our data do not explain everything, but even taking imprecision and regional variability into account, the degree of support for our hypothesis is striking.”


“Our data indicate that the purpose of this system of associating animals with calendar information was to record and convey seasonal behavioral information about specific prey taxa in the geographical regions of concern,” they added.


Bacon told Motherboard that putting all of this together has been “exhausting” and that the team will hold off on celebrating until they have published all of their findings. The researchers also anticipate arguments among experts around the exact definition of “writing” and whether their hypothetical calendar would neatly fall into that category.


“We do not want to press the controversial (and in many senses, semantic) question of whether writing was a Paleolithic invention; perhaps it is best described as a proto-writing system, an intermediary step between a simpler notation/convention and full-blown writing,” the researchers said in the study.”


“Assuming we have convinced colleagues of our correct identification, there will no doubt be a lively debate about precisely what this system should be called, and we are certainly open to suggestions,” they continued. “For now, we restrict our terminology to proto-writing in the form of a phenological/meteorological calendar. It implies that a form of writing existed tens of thousands of years before the earliest Sumerian writing system.”


It would be hard to overstate the magnitude of this discovery, assuming it passes muster in the wider archaeological community. It would rewrite the origins of, well, writing, which is one of the most important developments in human history. Moreover, if these tantalizing symbols represent an early calendar, they offer a glimpse of how these hunter-gatherers synchronized their lives with the natural cycles of animals and the Moon.


In short, if the new hypothesis is accurate, it shows that our Paleolithic ancestors “were almost certainly as cognitively advanced as we are” and “that they are fully modern humans,” Bacon told Motherboard. It also means “that their society achieved great art, use of numbers, and writing” and “that reading more of their writing system may allow us to gain an insight into their beliefs and cultural values,” he concluded.

https://www.vice.com/en/articl....e/a-total-amateur-ma

Source: https://x.com/ronin19217435/st....atus/187673946438445