⁣Engel v. Vitale | The First Amendment Encyclopedia (mtsu.edu)


⁣Engel v. Vitale (1962)
By David L. Hudson Jr.
Related cases in Public Schools and Religion, Establishment Clause

This 1962 photo shows some of the parents and children who brought suit against public schoolroom prayer in Engel v. Vitale (1962). In this case, the Supreme Court said the prayer violated the First Amendment. (AP Photo, used with permission from the Associated Press)
In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Supreme Court ruled that school-sponsored prayer in public schools violated the establishment clause of the First Amendment. The case involved a 22-word nondenominational prayer recommended to school districts by the New York Board of Regents: “Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country.”
Parents said officially sponsored school prayer violated the First Amendment
The Union Free School District in New Hyde Park, N.Y., adopted the recommendation and instituted a practice whereby teachers led students in the prayer every morning. The practice was voluntary, and students could be excused without punishment upon written request from their parents.
Steven Engel and several other parents challenged the officially sponsored prayer as a violation of the First Amendment. Engel, a Jewish man, believed that the state should not impose a one-size-fits-all prayer upon children of many different faiths or no faith. The plaintiffs lost before the Supreme Court of New York in 1959, the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York in 1960, and the Court of Appeals of New York in 1961, none of which viewed the prayer practice as the establishment of an official religion.
Engel and the others appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the parents in a 6-1 vote (Justices Felix Frankfurter and Byron R. White did not participate).
Supreme Court struck down the prayer
Writing for the majority, Justice Hugo L. Black focused on the history of religious discrimination and intolerance in England and the early Colonial days of the United States. This history, according to Black, showed that by the time of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution Americans had a “widespread awareness . . . of the dangers of a union of Church and State.”
Black did not cite a single U.S. Supreme Court case in the text of his majority opinion, although he cited Everson v. Board of Education (1947) in a footnote. Instead, he cited a variety of secondary sources on the history and struggle for religious liberty. According to Black, “the First Amendment was added to the Constitution to stand as a guarantee that neither the power nor the prestige of the Federal Government would be used to control, support or influence the kinds of prayer the American people can say.”
Black concluded that “government in this country should stay out of the business of writing or sanctioning official prayers and leave that purely religious function to the people.”
Justice William O. Douglas wrote a concurring opinion, contending that “once government finances a religious exercise it inserts a divisive influence into our communities.”
Justice Potter Stewart wrote the lone dissent. He argued that the majority “misapplied a great constitutional principle” and denied public schoolchildren “the opportunity of sharing in the spiritual heritage of our Nation.” He noted that history and tradition showed many religious influences and elements in society, such as “In God We Trust” on the nation’s money, opening sessions of the Supreme Court with “God Save This Honorable Court,” the opening prayers in Congress, and the many acknowledgments of God by various presidents in public speeches.
Decision caused public outrage and criticism
The decision caused outrage among many and harsh criticism of the Warren Court. Engel said that he and his family members suffered obscene phone calls, taunts, and community ostracism.
The decision led the Court to strike down similar school-sponsored prayers in the consolidated cases of Abington School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett (1963).
Principles of Engel have been extended to other cases
The principles of Engel have been extended by Court decisions invalidating an Alabama law requiring a moment of silence that appeared to have been rewritten specifically to encourage school prayer in Wallace v. Jaffree (1985), a middle school graduation school prayer in Lee v. Weisman (1992), and prayer at high school football games in Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000).
David L. Hudson, Jr. is a law professor at Belmont who publishes widely on First Amendment topics. He is the author of a 12-lecture audio course on the First Amendment entitled Freedom of Speech: Understanding the First Amendment (Now You Know Media, 2018). He also is the author of many First Amendment books, including The First Amendment: Freedom of Speech (Thomson Reuters, 2012) and Freedom of Speech: Documents Decoded (ABC-CLIO, 2017). This article was originally published in 2009.​

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SEE ALSO
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Byron White
Establishment Clause (Separation of Church and State)
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
Felix Frankfurter
Hugo Black
In God We Trust
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
Potter Stewart
Prayer in Public Schools
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
William Douglas
FURTHER READING
Dierenfield, Bruce. The Battle over School Prayer: How Engel v. Vitale Changed America. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2007.
Haynes, Charles C. Religion in American History: What to Teach and How. Alexandria, Va.: ASCD, 1990.

Hudson, David L., Jr. “Plaintiff in 1962 Landmark School-Prayer Case Reflects on His Role.” Freedom Forum Institute, Jan. 27, 2005.


"Engel v. Vitale (1962)." Khan Academy.


Haynes, Charles C. "50 Years Later, How School-Prayer Ruling Changed America." Freedom Forum Institute, July 29, 2012.


"Student Project: Prayer in Public Schools: Engel v. Vitale." Pace Law School Library.

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A Santa Barbara County judge accused of pulling a gun during a drunken confrontation with her domestic partner had started drinking heavily because of growing career and personal problems, her former lover testified Wednesday.
Deidra Dykeman, a project manager for Raytheon, struggled visibly to constrain her emotions as she recounted a relationship with Superior Court Judge Diana R. Hall.
“I was in love, I fell in love,” Dykeman, 39, said of her feelings for Hall after they first met in 1988.
https://www.latimes.com/archiv....es/la-xpm-2003-aug-2

But their relationship began to deteriorate after they bought a house together in the Santa Ynez Valley, Dykeman said. An early turning point, she said, was Hall’s anger over failure to win some law enforcement endorsements in a primary election last year.

Hall, 52, suffers from Crohn’s disease, a chronic bowel disorder, and did not start drinking until after the election, Dykeman said.

“She was probably drinking a bottle of wine a night,” she said.

Hall’s anger finally exploded Dec. 21 when an argument turned into alleged threats of violence triggered by a 911 call by Dykeman to the Santa Barbara Sheriff’s Department.

“I had never seen her so angry before in my life,” Dykeman told Assistant Dist. Atty. Kimberly Smith.

Though defense lawyer Jack Earley has portrayed Dykeman as a vengeful liar, angry at being spurned by Hall, Dykeman said Wednesday she was the one seeking to end the relationship.

“I told her the weekend before that we should think of breaking up because of the drinking,” Dykeman said.

Hall is charged with felony counts of dissuading a witness by force with a firearm and damaging a telephone to block a 911 call. She also faces misdemeanor charges of exhibiting a gun, domestic battery, driving under the influence of alcohol and driving with a blood alcohol content more than .08. Her blood alcohol level was .18.

Hall won the 2002 election with 85% of the vote. She was presiding criminal judge in Lompoc. Since her arrest, she has been suspended with pay.

Earlier, Tammy Gilbert, a sheriff’s communications dispatcher, recounted the 911 calls from Dykeman, who initially called but then hung up. Gilbert then called her back. At that time, Dykeman said she thought the dispute had “been resolved.”

About a minute later, however, she called back asking for help.

“My domestic partner is going after me.... She’s pulling my hair, she’s hitting me, she’s swearing at me. She’s throwing the phone, telling me to get out of the house.”

When asked if Hall was in possession of a gun, Dykeman first said that Hall was unarmed. Soon after, however, she told the dispatcher, “She’s got the gun. I’m sorry. She’s got the gun. Oh god, she’s got a gun. I’m really scared now.”

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“She was upset, “ Ream said. “It was clear to me that something had occurred.”

Ream said Dykeman told him that Hall deliberately broke her cordless phone into three pieces.

Under cross examination, Ream told Earley that Dykeman at one point said she had pushed Hall away from her.

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THIS is the moment a group of Russian soldiers are blown to bits by Ukrainians using an insane "death ray" weapon.

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#multiculturalism #identitycrisis #rotherham rotherham inaugurates Rukhsana Ismail as mayor: another Muslim figure rises to power in the UK

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’s encryption, so much that he has offered to personally crack the iPhone used by one of the shooters in last year’s San Bernardino, California, attack.

The McAfee antivirus software creator and outspoken libertarian fears that Apple’s compliance could lead to a so-called backdoor for government access, leaving users more vulnerable to malicious hackers. He claims that handling it himself would leave consumers safer.

“There has never been a backdoor that has not been hacked into by bad hackers or foreign nations. So really, what the government is asking Apple to do is to make every individual who uses an iPhone susceptible to hacking by bad people,” McAfee argued on CNBC’s “Power Lunch” on Friday.

McAfee, a self-described “cybersecurity legend” and presidential hopeful, first offered to decrypt the iPhone in a Thursday opinion piece on Business Insider.

The Justice Department filed a motion Friday to compel Apple to assist investigators in accessing data on the iPhone used by Syed Rizwan Farook, one of the shooters in the 2015 attack, which left 14 people dead. Apple CEO Tim Cook wrote this week that the government could eventually “extend this breach of privacy and demand that Apple build surveillance software” to gather personal data.

The government has maintained that it would only seek the access for this specific phone and investigation. Numerous lawmakers and prosecutors have argued that tech firms should be willing let police through some of their defenses to prevent future attacks.

McAfee, though, believes the FBI would want a backdoor, which he called “idiotic.” Since the method it wants to use is based on software, the platform could eventually be replicated by malicious hackers, he argued.

He claims that he and a team of hackers could extract the data in three weeks without creating a backdoor. His arguments, of course, spark the question of why he could crack the phone without Apple’s help when the FBI could not.

McAfee argued that the U.S. government is “20 years behind the rest of the world” on cybersecurity.

“All of the great hackers are not the type who want to wear suits, shine their shoes and show up to work every day,” McAfee said, adding many talented hackers “want to smoke weed while they work.”

He said the U.S. is “ill-prepared” for increasingly complex cyberattacks launched from foreign soil.

The FBI and Apple did not immediately respond to CNBC’s request for comment.

🔥 THE REAL ANTIVIRUS HERQ - JOHN McAfee HAS THEM ALL AT THEIR (non existing) BALLS...

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https://justthenews.com/govern....ment/diplomacy/hold-

⁣Redpill Drifter - PIZZAGATE DOCUMENTARY We need to keep this in the spotlight. Many victims remain without justice. Remember that every day new people are waking up and don't know about this. Pizzagate is a crucial piece of the puzzle and as time goes on it won't sound like such a "conspiracy."

Source: https://x.com/RedpillDrifter/s....tatus/18401715404214

Thumbnail: https://www.roku.com/whats-on/....movies/outstanding-p

AltCastTV & Odysee thumbnail: http://www.mixedmartialarts.co....m/forums/OtherGround

⁣VfB had an epiphany yesterday 💡

Isn't Bill 'Wilhelmina' Gates actually responsible for the very same action that caused Ted Kaczynski to be arrested?!?

Isn't it the exact same thing?!?

Except...we have no real evidence that Ted actually ever sent out any explosive devices whatsoever; however we absolutely KNOW Wilhelmina released this scumbaggery

⁣Thank you for praying for the missing boy i mentioned yesterday. He was found alive! All praise, glory, and honor to God!
https://www.wdio.com/front-pag....e/top-stories/missin

Thumbnail: https://imgflip.com/i/7l2pan

https://stewpeters.com/video/2....023/05/bbc-doesnt-wa

Stew Peters goes into the lion’s den and teaches the BBC a lesson.
Watch behind the scenes footage the BBC doesn’t want you to see.
The BBC attempts and fails to discredit the wildly successful documentary “Died Suddenly”.
Stew financed and released “Died Suddenly” to save lives from the murderous Covid cult.
Throughout the interview Stew exposes the pro-vaxx lies parroted by the mainstream media.
The BBC continues to promote a bioweapon injection that is killing children.
The fake news “journalists” were completely caught off guard and not prepared to answer Stew’s questions about why embalmers are finding white fibrous clots inside the vaccinated dead.
Stew reminds the BBC of vaccinated Damar Hamlin’s sudden collapse on national television.
The average number of professional athletes who have collapsed during competition is 5 to 10 per year.
In the last year that number has climbed to over 1000.
The United States is funneling money into the fake construct of a country called Ukraine.
The Covid-19 pandemic was used to enact a massive worldwide depopulation event.
People must be held accountable for their blatant crimes against humanity and that also includes lying journalists.

Watch this new show NOW at https://StewPeters.com!
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https://thephaser.com/2023/05/....boom-stew-peters-goe

https://reprobatepress.com/201....9/02/08/american-gul


⁣https://i0.wp.com/reprobatepress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/budd-dwyer-1.jpg?resize=840%2C742&ssl=1

⁣The ordinary life and extraordinary death – broadcast around the world – of a local politician.

American politician R. Budd Dwyer had one of the most visible deaths of all time, committing suicide during a press conference that was being filmed (though not, as some have said, broadcast live). The footage of his death was subsequently shown, sometimes uncut, by news broadcasters around the world and screen-capped in newspapers. Later, it made its way into the ghoulish VHS underworld and then into Mondo style documentaries like Traces of Death. Samples of the audio have been used by Marilyn Manson and Cabaret Voltaire, and images of the suicide have been used by bands, artists and filmmakers with varying levels of sincerity. You can even get Dwyer T-shirts. The video footage itself is, of course, widely available online. It’s likely that Dwyer’s death is the most widely viewed suicide of all time. It’s probably not the legacy that he’d hoped for, though it was a sense of regard for his own reputation – not to mention a fear of imprisonment – that prompted him to take his own life in the first place.


Dwyer, born in 1939, had been a minor level politician, serving as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania State Senate between 1971 and 1981, before moving on to become the 30th Treasurer of Pennsylvania in January 1981, a position he held until his death.


His downfall came as a result of an overpayment of tax by state workers in Pennsylvania. When the mistake was discovered, compensation needed to be paid to each employee, and this required the services of an outside accountancy firm. Several firms put in bids for the contract and Dwyer was in charge of the process. One accountancy firm, Computer Technology Associates, was so keen to secure the $4.6 million contract that they offered Dwyer a bribe of $300,000. Dwyer accepted. This was not, in retrospect, a good idea.


As a result of an anonymous tip-off, federal prosecutors began an investigation and soon charged Dwyer, Computer Technology Associates head John Torquato, Jr, Troquato’s attorney William T. Smith, Smith’s wife, and Bob Asher, the former Republican Party Chairman for the State of Pennsylvania with corruption. Torquato and the Smiths quickly agreed to plead guilty and testify against Dwyer and Asher, in exchange for lighter sentences.


budd-dwyer-election-poster: ⁣https://i0.wp.com/reprobatepress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/budd-dwyer-election-poster.jpg?resize=433%2C500&ssl=1

It was an open-and-shut case. Independent witnesses confirmed the story, computer files seized showed that Dwyer was to be paid the $300,000 and it was clear that CTA was not the best or cheapest accountancy firm available – a long-established local firm with more staff and a better reputation had put in a bid at half the cost of the CTA offer. Nevertheless, Dwyer maintained his innocence. He tried to cut a deal that charges would be dropped if he resigned as treasurer, but the case was too serious for that to be an option. Dwyer then refused a chance to plead guilty to a single count of bribery, which would have led to a maximum of five years imprisonment – a not insignificant length of time, but far less than he was facing if found guilty on all charges. Dwyer refused the deal and instead chose to go to trial, pleading Not Guilty. His defence was pretty weak – he didn’t take the stand and called no witnesses, and the unindicted conspirators could not be named in court, putting all the blame on Dwyer and Asher (who was found guilty and subsequently served one year in prison). Unsurprisingly, with the evidence against him, Dwyer was found guilty of eleven counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, perjury and interstate transportation in aid of racketeering on December 18th 1986, and was facing up to 55 years in prison. Merry Christmas!


Dwyer intended to appeal, and because state law said that he could not be removed from office until he was sentenced in January, he agreed to take an unpaid leave of absence. He wrote to President Ronald Reagan, asking for a Presidential pardon – this appeal was not successful, in part because all legal avenues such as appeal had yet to be explored. Dwyer was scheduled to be sentenced on January 23rd, 1987, and everyone expected him to be going to prison for a long time.


budd-dwyer-gerald-fordDwyer and President Gerald Ford: ⁣https://i0.wp.com/reprobatepress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/budd-dwyer-gerald-ford.jpg?resize=840%2C759&ssl=1

Dwyer called a press conference for January 22nd. The expectation amongst journalists was that he would use the opportunity to once again claim innocence, and then resign from office prior to sentence. Dwyer indeed did want to emphasise his innocence, and was resentful about journalists who he thought had written biased news stories about him, trying (unsuccessfully) to have them banned from attending the news conference. Given subsequent events, I suspect many were quietly relieved that he chose not to take out any perceived enemies with him.


The night before the news conference, Dwyer wrote “I enjoy being with Jo so much, the next 20 years or so would have been wonderful. Tomorrow is going to be so difficult and I hope I can go through with it.” He then packed a .357 Magnum in his bag and prepared for what was to come.


At 10.30am the next morning, a twitchy-looking Dwyer arrived to talk to a room full of journalists and camera crews. He took out a 21-page statement, which had not been shown to anyone in advance, and began to read. It was a rambling statement, in which he criticised those involved in the investigation and trial that he believed had unfairly ruined his career, and condemned the death penalty, expressing regret for his previous support of it. As press statements go, it was all over the place and full of wild accusations. Dwyer’s press secretary, James Horshack, was so alarmed at the allegations being made that he considered putting a stop to proceedings, before finally deciding to allow Dwyer to finish, planning to then brief the press to make it clear that he was not responsible for the possibly libellous content of the speech. The statement went on for half an hour, and the assembled journalists, suspecting that the expected resignation might never actually come, began to lose patience. Some even started to pack up to leave. Seeing this, Dwyer said “Those of you who are putting your cameras away, I think you ought to stay because we’re not, we’re not finished yet.”


Dwyer finally reached the final page of his statement:
I thank the good Lord for giving me 47 years of exciting challenges, stimulating experiences, many happy occasions and most of all, the finest wife and children any man could ever desire.
Now my life has changed for no apparent reason. People who call and write are exasperated and feel helpless. They know I am innocent and want to help, but in this nation, the world’s greatest democracy, there is nothing they can do to prevent me from being punished for a crime they know I did not commit. Some who have called have said that I am a modern-day Job.


Judge Muir is also noted for his medieval sentences. I face a maximum sentence of 55 years in prison and a $305,000 fine for being innocent. Judge Muir has already told the press that he felt “invigorated” when we were found guilty and that he plans to imprison me as a “deterrent” to other public officials. But it wouldn’t be a deterrent because every public official who knows me knows that I am innocent. It wouldn’t be legitimate punishment because I’ve done nothing wrong. Since I’m a victim of political persecution, my prison would simply be an American Gulag.


I ask those that believe in me to continue to extend friendship and prayer to my family, to work untiringly for the creation of a true justice system here in the United States, and to press on with the efforts to vindicate me, so that my family and their future families are not tainted by this injustice that has been perpetrated on me.


At this point, the assembled press expected him to finally resign – after all, had he not just admitted that, while still maintaining his innocence, his case was hopeless? There was, in fact, more of the speech left, but for some reason, Dwyer decided not to continue. The missing part of the speech revealed what he intended to do; had he read it, it’s possible that someone could have intervened before it was too late:


I’ve repeatedly said that I’m not going to resign as State Treasurer. After many hours of thought and meditation I’ve made a decision that should not be an example to anyone because it is unique to my situation. Last May I told you that after the trial, I would give you the story of the decade. To those of you who are shallow, the events of this morning will be that story. But to those of you with depth and concern the real story will be what I hope and pray results from this morning –in the coming months and years, the development of a true justice system here in the United States. I am going to die in office in an effort to ‘see if the shameful facts, spread out in all their shame, will not burn through our civic shamelessness and set fire to American pride.’ Please tell my story on every radio and television station and in every newspaper and magazine in the U.S. Please leave immediately if you have a weak stomach or mind since I don’t want to cause physical or mental distress. Joanne, Rob, DeeDee – I love you! Thank you for making my life so happy. Goodbye to you all on the count of 3. Please make sure that the sacrifice of my life is not in vain.


Instead of reading this section, Dwyer handed out sealed envelopes to three of his staffers – the contents included an organ donor card, funeral plans and letters to his family. As this happened the press watched, bemused. Just what was going on here?


budd-dwyer-4: ⁣https://i0.wp.com/reprobatepress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/budd-dwyer-4.jpg?resize=840%2C1039&ssl=1

The answer came quickly. Dwyer took a final envelope out, and from it pulled the .357 Magnum – the gun that Clint Eastwood warned would “blow your head clean off.” At this point, panic ensued – no one quite knew what Dwyer was planning or who he might point the gun at. He backed against the way, holding it in the air, saying “Please, please leave the room if this will … if this will affect you”, at which point everyone realised exactly what was happening. As some ran for help, others screamed and a few tried to run towards Dwyer to stop him. A panicked Dwyer shouted “Don’t, don’t, don’t, this will hurt someone” and then hurriedly placed the gun in his mouth and pulled the trigger. He died instantly.


Death in movies, no matter how good the special effects and how impressive the acting, can never quite capture the reality. One camera managed to close in on Dwyer as he slumped to the ground, blood pouring from the exit wound on the back of his head and, more distressingly, from his nose and mouth. His eyes were blank. Bud Dwyer would never go to prison, and would never be just another corrupt politician, quickly forgotten.


The footage was soon all over the news. Most broadcasters chose to cut the footage at the point when he took the gun out and placed it in his mouth. Astonishingly, several American news networks chose to broadcast the complete footage, some during the daytime and some without warning. There were hundreds of complaints, and Dwyer’s death might have been something of a watershed in terms of how exploitative news broadcasters could be.


budd-dwyer-2: ⁣https://i0.wp.com/reprobatepress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/budd-dwyer-2.jpg?resize=840%2C1053&ssl=1

Meanwhile, the Dwyer footage quickly became the stuff of legend. It could be manipulated and twisted to be anything you wanted – a warning about persecution, a study of mental breakdown, or a grotesque entertainment. You could even rewrite Dwyer’s story – the Chinese edition of Traces of Death has an excited narrator telling us that Dwyer is the head of a bankrupt firm, handing out redundancy notices before killing himself out of shame – a story that obviously worked for the local audience.


If Dwyer thought that his death would lead to further investigation and exoneration, then he would be disappointed. His guilt was reaffirmed in 2010. Whether the punishment suited the crime is doubtful, and Dwyer paid a very high price – indeed, would have paid a very high price even if he hadn’t killed himself – for what would seem to be a single moment of greed and weakness in an otherwise unremarkable and unblemished career. He was an ambitious man who had risen to a middling level of political success, and who clearly worried deeply about what people thought of him. Whether his death was a deliberate attempt at achieving immortality or changing what he saw as a corrupt legal system is open to question, though I rather doubt that his ongoing fame was anything he would wanted. But he is unlikely to be forgotten any time soon, and maybe that is better than nothing.


DAVID FLINT


There is a documentary about Dwyer, Honest Man, available on Amazon Prime for anyone wanting to investigate the story further.

honest-man-budd-dwyer.jpg: ⁣https://i0.wp.com/reprobatepress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/honest-man-budd-dwyer.jpg?resize=218%2C218&ssl=1

⁣The List of Celebrities Named in Diddy’s Lawsuit Include Prince Harry & a ‘Redacted’ Rapper Who Once Dated Nicki Minaj

Amid his arrest and ongoing investigation, a renewed interest of people who were associated with Diddy is making the rounds—especially celebrities who attended his famous white parties and those who were named in lawsuits and allegations—though very few of them have actually been accused of any wrongdoing.

In March 2024, Rodney ‘Lil Rod’ Jones filed a lawsuit against Diddy accusing Combs of grooming him and exposing him to several crimes, including drug trafficking, and sexual assault. The producer claimed that Diddy’s “affiliation” with celebrities gave him “legitimacy.” According to Daily Mail, the court documents state that Diddy had “access to celebrities such as famous athletes, political figures, artists, musicians, and international dignitaries.

Related: Here’s Who Attended Diddy’s White Parties Over the Years: https://stylecaster.com/lists/....diddy-white-party-ph

“He’s a monster,” Jones told Rolling Stone. “He’ll do whatever is necessary to get exactly what he wants. He doesn’t take no for an answer. He [told me] himself, ‘I’ll smack my mama.’ Anybody who can say that even jokingly is a monster. He’s nothing to be played with. For a person whose brand is Love Records, and changed their name to Love and named their kid Love, he doesn’t show love. He’s just marketing.”

https://stylecaster.com/lists/diddy-list/

Source: https://old.bitchute.com/video/mMnntaigMZHP/

https://www.hindustantimes.com..../entertainment/holly